When covered interest parity holds, as appears to be the case, the forward exchange rate is not the expected future spot rate. As a result: (1) in general covered and uncovered interest parity are mutually inconsistent; (2) the standard equation that produces the forward-bias puzzle is...

The literature assumes that the theory of uncovered interest parity fails because investing without cover is risky and investors are risk adverse. But covered interest parity implies that the theory can fail even when investors are risk neutral and hold when investors are risk adverse and there...

A complete solution to the forward-bias puzzle should provide an econometric solution and an economic explanation for that solution. A complete solution should also explain the closely related failure of uncovered interest parity. In addition it should explain some related anomalies. One such...