This paper assesses energy security in three long-term energy scenarios (business as usual development, a projection of Copenhagen commitments, and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario) as modeled in six integrated assessment models: GCAM, IMAGE, MESSAGE, ReMIND, TIAM-ECN and WITCH. We...

The Energy Modeling Forum 28 (EMF28) study systematically explores the energy system transition required to meet the European goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050. The 80% scenario is compared to a reference case that aims to achieve a 40% GHG reduction target. The...

Financing for adaptation is a core element in the ongoing international negotiations on climate change. This has motivated a number of recent global estimates of adaptation costs. While important from an agenda setting perspective, many of these estimates nevertheless have a number of...

This report examines adaptation and mitigation within an integrated framework. Global and regional costs of adaptation are assessed dynamically and the resulting benefits are quantified. This is accomplished by developing a framework to incorporate adaptation as a policy variable within three...

This paper contributes to the normative literature on mitigation and adaptation by analyzing their optimal policy balance in the context of climate catastrophic risk. The investigation enriches an integrated assessment model introducing the endogenous link between the probability of experiencing...

This paper contributes to the normative literature on mitigation and adaptation by analyzing their optimal policy balance in the context of climate catastrophic risk. The investigation enriches an integrated assessment model introducing the endogenous link between the probability of experiencing...