groups. Warfare, socio-political conflicts, political elections, lobbying, and R&D competitions are all examples of inter …-group conflicts in which groups spend scarce and costly resources to gain an advantage over other groups. Here, we report on an … experiment that investigates the impact of political institutions within groups on the development of conflict between groups. We …

groups. Warfare, socio-political con icts, political elections, lobbying, and R&D competitions are all examples of inter …-group con icts in which groups spend scarce and costly resources to gain an advantage over other groups. Here, we report on an … experiment that investigates the impact of political institutions within groups on the development of con ict between groups. We …

groups. Warfare, socio-political conflicts, political elections, lobbying, and R&D competitions are all examples of inter …-group conflicts in which groups spend scarce and costly resources to gain an advantage over other groups. Here, we report on an … experiment that investigates the impact of political institutions within groups on the development of conflict between groups. We …

groups. Warfare, socio-political con icts, political elections, lobbying, and R&D competitions are all examples of inter …-group con icts in which groups spend scarce and costly resources to gain an advantage over other groups. Here, we report on an … experiment that investigates the impact of political institutions within groups on the development of con ict between groups. We …

project, which supposedly reflected their empowerment as equal citizens. Drawing on the notion of ‘symbolic citizenshipâ … empowerment, in defiance of the prevailing liberal democratic framework. …

Empowerment of the poor does not necessarily make them better off – or make the non-poor worse off. In some cases …, empowerment may be inefficient, i.e. a negative-sum game. In other cases, it is a zero-sum game, as the poor can benefit only at …