Although there is evidence that apprenticeship training can ease the transition of youth into the labour market and … thereby reduce youth unemployment, many policy makers fear that firms will cut their apprenticeship expenditures during … that economic shocks induce a rather small, pro-cyclical immediate response in the apprenticeship market. However, within a …

preventing skilled workers from leaving poor countries, where their skills are needed. Some advocates urge restrictions or taxes …

. In particular, more effort should be devoted to (i) understanding what new skills will be needed, and how existing jobs … will change; (ii) upgrading education and professional training schemes; (iii) reforming labor market institutions to …, with initiatives to re-align demand and supply of skills, labor market reforms, redesigned social safety nets, measures to …

new skills will be needed, and how existing jobs will change; (ii) upgrading education and professional training schemes … the adoption of skills-augmenting technologies. Private sector companies should strengthen training programs … supply of skills, labor market reforms, redesigned social safety nets, measures to promote digital innovation and facilitate …

An effective system of education and training is important for both social and economic reasons. Its role in the Polish … economy is to provide the current and future labour force with skills to facilitate both continuing productivity growth and … public and private funding. Participation in adult training is low too and, as elsewhere, seems to be concentrated among …