This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between self-employment and unemployment rates. On the one hand, high unemployment rates may lead to start-up activity of self-employed individuals (the 'refugee' effect). On the other hand, higher rates of self employment may indicate increased...

This study examines the impact of location choice as a firm strategy to access knowledge spillovers from universities. Based on a large data-set of young high-technology start-ups publicly listed in Germany, this Paper tests the propositions that not only geographic proximity to the university...