Heavy loads of nutrients, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus, cause severe damages in many waters in the world. This paper develops a model for nutrient trading markets for a sea damaged by both nitrogen and phosphorus and faces a dominant polluter of one or both nutrients. The existence of abatement...

Due to eutrophication caused by heavy loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, the biological conditions of the Baltic Sea have been disturbed: large sea bottom areas without any biological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algaes. It is recognized that the nitrogen and phosphorus loads to...

Technical change is an important factor to take into consideration when analysing environmental issues that span over a long time horizon. One important source of technical change is learning-by-doing. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of technical change through...