We identify strong cross-border institutions as a driver for the globalization of in-novation. Using 67 million patents … from over 100 patent offices, we introduce novel measures of innovation diffusion and collaboration. Exploiting staggered … result in techno-logical convergence. The effects are particularly strong for process innovation, and for countries that are …

. Such outsourcing leads to increased wages for the remaining inhouse production. We find that stronger unions, which imply … higher domestic wages, reduce incentives for international outsourcing. Though somewhat surprising, this result provides a … theoretical reconciliation of the empirically observed trends of deunionization and increased international outsourcing in many …

outsourcing activities, the increased flow of direct foreign investment and its heterogeneous regional distribution, the increased …

national boundaries, could be a new sibling of innovation systems perspectives. We argue that in today's globalized world, it …This paper raises the question of whether global innovation systems (GIS), the expanded networks of actors beyond … is idoneous to analyze innovation activities in a global context rather than a national or regional one. To confirm this …

Globalization has set new paradigms, especially in the business world. Breakthroughs in technology (telecommunications … for innovation at home. We suggest a combination of three factors to identify and explain such innovation strategies … customers as a source for innovation that is more beneficial to standardized products and becomes more feasible if the lead …