The Hoover Index is the most widely used measure for assessing the concentration or deconcentration tendencies of a country’s evolving population distribution. In this article, the authors propose alternative variants of the index designed to explore the influences of the various...

As African Americans are poorer than non-African Americans, increasing racial integration might lead to increasing poverty integration. Alternatively, if racial segregation pushed higher- and lower-income African Americans to reside together, increasing racial integration may lead higher-income...