This paper private individual wealth in France and its distribution during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries based on individual data of bequests collected from all over France. We focus on the distinction between thos who died rich (with an estate) and those who left nothing behind....

Two opposing views of industrialization are commonly expressed. The first emphasizes capitalism’s coercion of workers into furnishing more effort than they had long been accustomed to when they themselves decided the rhythm and timing of work. In this optic, factory discipline is an essential...