The international surveys of pupil achievement – PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS – have been widely used to compare socioeconomic gradients in children’s cognitive abilities across countries. Socioeconomic status is typically measured drawing on children’s reports of family or...

Investigation of peer effects on pupil’s achievement with survey data on samples of schools and pupils within schools may mean that only a random sample of peers is observed for each individual pupil. This generates classical measurement error on peer variables. Hence under OLS model...

Investigation of peer effects on achievement with sample survey data on schools may mean that only a random sample of peers is observed for each individual. This generates classical measurement error in peer variables, resulting in the estimated peer group effects in a regression model being...