This paper explores the welfare consequences of international outsourcing in the presence of resulting environmental damage in a three-stage model of North-South trade. In stage 1, outsourcing firms in the North (e.g., United States [US] and Europe) cause environmental damage to the vendor...

This paper investigates outsourcing and foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions in North–South trade under conditions of wage uncertainty. The North has a financial advantage to raise capital, but the South has the advantage of low wages. If the expected outsourcing cost is lower than...

This paper explores the welfare consequences of international outsourcing in the presence of resulting environmental damage in a three-stage model of North-South trade. In stage 1, outsourcing firms in the North (e.g., United States [US] and Europe) cause environmental damage to the vendor...