Regulatory reform in the power sector of most transition economies has progressed. Regulatory independence, however, is still limited with direct (statutory) and indirect political input influencing decision making. Further reform is required to secure power tariff increases and private sector...

Kazakhstan is at the forefront of power sector reform in the EBRD’s countries of operations. Starting in 1996, a regulator was set up, the industry was unbundled, some distribution and generation companies were privatised, and the large user market was liberalised. A number of reform...

The paper analyses optimal contract design in various municipal infrastructure settings. Particular contract types considered are concessions, management contracts and service contracts. The last of these is defined as a contract between a municipal-owned company and a municipality. The paper...