Industrial clusters and factory industries co-develop during industrialization and the relational contracts between manufacturers and subcontractors are the organizational basis of clusters. We predict that relational transactions between manufacturers and subcontractors and cooperative action...

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, 1603-1868, registered peasants were guaranteed their residual claim to crop from their land, but shielded from the market risk. Provided with incentives for productivity increase but protected from the market risk, millions of peas-ant family continuously managed...

Japanese economy was losing its stability in the interwar period. Faced with the challenge, Moritaro Yamada gave an understanding that the stability of Japanese political economy before the First World War had been maintained by paternalistic institutions both of agricultural and industrial...