countries and led to gender convergence in aggregate unemployment rates. In this paper we seek the sources of this recent … convergence by using Social Security records on individuals to study the determinants of unemployment ins and outs over the course … of a whole business cycle, i.e. 2000‐2013. We focus on Spain – a country hit hard by unemployment increases in downturns …

We investigate transitions between unemployment, low-paid employment and higher-paid employment using household panel … unemployment and low-paid employment on future employment prospects. We find that there is state dependence in both unemployment … less severe penalties from unemployment or low-paid employment, and, for women, the cycle between low pay and no pay varies …