We examine the proper valuation of perpetuities without real growth. The case of a 'pure' non growing perpetuity (zero real growth and zero inflation) is of academic interest but in practice it might be difficult to find. The findings contradict what is generally accepted in the literature. In...

In cash flow valuation, on grounds of simplicity, it is common to assume that the leverage is constant over time. With constant leverage, the return to levered equity is constant and consequently, the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) applied to the Free Cash Flow is constant. However,...

In “Consistency in Chocolate: A Fresh Look at Copeland’s Hershey Foods & Co Case” we showed the inconsistencies regarding the assumption of constant leverage and the inconsistency in the values for equity calculated with different approaches. In this second part we show the differences in...