fertilizer and pesticide use, as well as on human health and environmental toxicity. Fairtrade increases chemical input … quantities and aggregated levels of toxicity. Nevertheless, Fairtrade reduces the incidence of pesticide-related acute health …

covers all exporting firms in 42 developing countries. The second covers pesticide standards for 243 agricultural and food …

, governments face a trade-off: they are tempted to restrict pesticide use compared to under autarky because domestic consumption …