interaction with child quantity-quality substitution, a decline in fertility. Using unique new data for 21 OECD countries over the … technological progress on investments in education and a strongly negative one on fertility. Using two-stage regressions, we assess … increase of enrollment in primary and secondary school is associated with a decline of the general fertility rate by 3 to 4 …

This study provides the first empirical evidence of the causal impact of fertility outcomes on old-age labor supply, by … exogenous instruments of fertility. The results show strong impact of children on preventing old parents from strenuous works at …