Markowitz (1952) hat gezeigt, dass es für risikoaverse Wirtschaftssubjekte sinnvoll ist, das Vermögen auf verschiedene Anlageinstrumente zu verteilen. Doch erweist sich in der Praxis, dass Wirtschaftssubjekte häufig nicht-optimal diversifizierte Portfolios halten. Es gibt viele mögliche...

We use an experiment to explore how subjects learn to play against computers which are programmed to follow one of a number of standard learning algorithms. The learning theories are (unbeknown to subjects) a best response process, fictitious play, imitation, reinforcement learning, and a trial...

We introduce a generalized theoretical approach to study imitation and subject it to rigorous experimental testing. In our theoretical analysis we find that the different predictions of previous imitation models are due to different informational assumptions, not to different behavioral rules....