We examine risk taking when the bank's preferences exhibit smooth ambiguity aversion. Ambiguity is modeled by a second … return risk. Ambiguity preferences are modeled by the (second-order) expectation of a concave transformation of the (first … banking firm finds it less attractive to take risk in the presence than in the absence of ambiguity. This result extends to …

uncertainty when the firm's preferences exhibit smooth ambiguity aversion. Ambiguity is modeled by a second-order probability … distribution that captures the firm's uncertainty about which of the subjective beliefs govern the exchange rate risk. Ambiguity … ambiguity has no impact on the firm's propensity to export to a foreign country. Ambiguity and ambiguity aversion, however, are …

differences lies in the dichotomy between first-order and second-order ambiguity aversion which I define here. My definition and …-order ambiguity aversion a positive exposure to ambiguity is optimal if and only if there is a subjective belief such that the actś … expected outcome is positive. With first-order ambiguity aversion, zero exposure to ambiguity can be optimal. Examples in …