As urbanization increases, municipalities across the world have become aware of the negative impacts of road-based transportation, which include traffic congestion and air pollution. As a result, several cities have introduced tolling schemes to discourage vehicles from entering the inner city....

This paper discusses the main external costs related to road transport and the design of taxes to manage them. It provides an overview of evolving tax practice in the European Union and the United States and identifies opportunities for better alignment of transport taxes with external costs....

This paper offers new insights into the definition, measurement and operationalisation of different dimensions of social vulnerability to road user charges, using unique data sets available in the UK. Assessing distributional effects of road pricing or congestion charging schemes requires...