The ecological literature suggests that biodiversity reduces the variance of ecosystem services. Thus, conservative biodiversity management has an insurance value to risk-averse users of ecosystem services. We analyze a conceptual ecological-economic model in which such management measures...

We develop a comprehensive multi-level approach to ecological economics (CML-approach) which integrates philosophical considerations on the foundations of ecological economics with an adequate operationalization. We argue that the subject matter and aims of ecological economics require a...

Many environmental damages are caused by substances which come into existence asundesired joint outputs in the production of desired goods. Whether an output isdesired or not, however, is not an inherent property of the substance itself butdepends on the context of production. This book studies...