The study analyzes data from world cup cross-country skiing sprint elimination tournaments for men and women in 2015-2020. In these tournaments prequalified athletes sequentially choose in which of five quarterfinal heats they want to compete. Due to a time constraint on the day the tournament...

The tournament rules for long jump competitions have changed in recent years. Today, only the three athletes with the best jumps from the five initial attempts are qualified to make an additional sixth jump - a format called The Final Three. In the first implemented version of The Final Three,...

The baton exchanges are undoubtedly the most critical parts of the 4 × 100 meter relay race. Timing of the outgoing runner is critical. In this paper we analyze the race as a minimization problem under uncertainty. We formulate a stochastic model in which an outgoing runner at the baton...

Student achievements are expected to be affected by both educational activities and learning during a course and previous teaching and learning, and earlier eligibility requirements. Using data from a quasi-experimental retrospective study, we estimated the effect on exam scores in an...