Extensive research demonstrates that war casualties depress incumbent popularity. The present study argues that … warfare either directly affect presidential popularity (e.g., in the Korean War) or their inclusion affects the predicted … political cost of war casualties (e.g., in the Korean and Iraq/Afghanistan Wars). Interestingly, the adverse effect of war …

powers, the government was able to fund the war by borrowing and levying taxes. In major wars, however, there came a point …