Industrial decentralization has formed a central element of state regional policy under South Africa's apartheid government. Increasingly, the government has attempted to justify this policy by linking it to international theories and precedents regarding regional development and the use of...

This article identifies and evaluates the range of strategies being used to generate economic activity close to and within townships, focusing on the three metropolitan areas of Gauteng, the Durban Functional Region and metropolitan Cape Town. After placing townships in the context of the larger...