economic growth in recent decades. However, Africa faces severe challenges in growing manufacturing activities in the face of … heavily concentrated at the corporate level. But this reliance on large firms as a driver of trade is problematic for Africa … of indigenous small-scale firms in the economy and in export trade. There is evidence of dynamism in Africa, both within …

at 3 levels: countries that produce and export [half of exported manufactures come from 3 countries: South Africa (27 … markets]. Supply chain trade increased in all regions over the period 1995-2015. Africa's average Global Value Chain (GVC …, in the 20-25% range. Overall trade costs (transport, communication, trade barriers) across Africa have fallen faster with …