form of volatile wages and a high risk of low pay. …

labour scarcity by increasing wages to attract workers who to some extent can adjust their mobility behaviour accordingly. We …

, wages are highest for formal workers and lowest for lower-tier informal jobs. The proportion of formal workers who maintain … move up the wage ladder. Education plays an important role, as it increases the probability of transitioning into a better … job and, within informality, the chance of better wages. …