There is a direct relationship between a single alarm probability and the average run length only for basic Shewhart charts such as the . Alarm rates are defined in this paper that can be applied with charts such as the cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart and the exponentially weighted moving average...

Over the past fifty years, barriers to international trade have decreased substantially. While the decline in protectionism since World War II has stemmed partly from unilateral changes in trade policy by countries, it also has been a result of agreements among countries to liberalize their...

How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect public attitudes toward international trade? While the economic shock and perceived foreign threat associated with the pandemic might have increased protectionist sentiments, the rapidly evolving sense of isolation, rising prices, and shortages of various...