There has been a perception that U.S. trunk airlines had an inherent cost advantage over smaller regional airlines because of economies of scale. We have formulated a general model of airline costs, which we estimate by using panel data on large and small airlines. Differences in scale are shown...

This paper develops estimates of U.S. railroad productivity by using methods based on the neoclassical theory of production. We find that railroad productivity grew at the average annual rate of 1.5 percent per year during the 1951-1974 period. Using conventional measurement procedures for...