Altruism, giving and pro-social conduct, and reciprocity, are the basis of the existence and performance of societies … (which they sometimes also create); and in charity and specific organizations. Altruism has various origins: it can be … hedonistic or natural altruism in empathy, affection, sympathy, emotional contagion, pity, and compassion; or normative altruism …

We study with a sample of 1,070 primary school children, aged seven to eleven years, how altruism in a donation … theories of reciprocal altruism that provide a cornerstone to understand human social behavior. We find that higher risk …-linear. We confirm earlier results that altruism increases with age during childhood and that girls are more altruistic than boys …