This paper reports a statistical study of the temporal causal relationships between expansion of a firm's multinational structure and the firm's growth in spending of R & D and advertising. We find that firms increase R & D expenditures after expanding their multinational structure, but not vice...

Empirical findings across many nations show that exporters have superior productivity compared to non-exporters and that this relationship is driven by productive firms becoming exporters. The conclusion drawn from these studies is that there is little learning from exporting. We, however,...

By examining the location distributions of foreign-owned and U.S.-owned manufacturing establishments in the United States in l987, this paper reveals that foreign-owned and U.S.-owned establishments exhibit different location patterns. Such differences are not attributable to foreign-owned...