This book presents a complete summary of the major results in duality theory pioneered by Ronald W. Shephard. Building on this base, the authors present new findings including the duality relationship between the profit function and the eight equivalent representations of technology that were...

Professor Sten Malmquist constructed the Malmquist quantity index and in doing so developed a distance function defined on a consumption space. This function is the consumer analog to the Shephard input distance function of producers and is used in ratio form to define the quantity index. This...

This book extends the efficiency literature to the case of intertemporal models. First, the authors introduce static network models which serve as building blocks for the intertemporal budgeting models and the dynamic models. Next, the authors devote two chapters to productivity measurements,...

This study derives the relationship between environmental production functions and environmental directional distance functions. These two approaches make different assumptions when modeling the joint production of good and bad outputs. The environmental production function credits a producer...

In his 2005 paper in this journal, Kuosmanen argues that Shephard's specification of weak disposability in activity analysis (DEA) models is not correct. We show that Shephard's specification does satisfy weak disposability and is the smallest technology to do so

Environmental policy related to agriculture is generally administered by a government agency charged with achieving legislative objectives. The enabling legislation of an agency typically establishes a set of tools that the agency uses to influence the behavior on non-governmental agricultural...

In this paper, measures of capacity are developed following those suggested in 1968 by Leif Johansen. By taking advantage of Shephard?s duality, both primal and dual multi-output measures of capacity can be derived. Having generalized the capacity utilization measures, the authors show how these...