The purpose of this study is to examine the causes and effects of State regulation that determines the extent of professional independence of advanced practice nurses (APNs). We analyze determinants of these regulations in panel data across States. We find that in States where APNs have acquired...

The authors analyze the promotion, demotion, and turnover of pitchers in baseball's minor leagues-a labor market for which exceptionally good data on performance are available-in the years 1975-88. They find that the time between a player's assignment to one league and promotion or demotion to...

Although the proportion of lawyers who are women has grown rapidly in recent years, this study presents evidence of discrimination against women in promotion to partnership in major U.S. law firms in 1969-73 and 1980. Using regression analysis and maximum likelihood estimates of a probabilistic...

The positions taken by prosecutors and defense lawyers on proposed jury instructions on lesser-included offenses provide evidence that juries do not follow the law strictly. This paper develops a simple model of expected utility to predict how jurors make their decisions. The model explains a...

The authors analyze the promotion, demotion, and turnover of pitchers in baseball's minor leagues—a labor market for which exceptionally good data on performance are available—in the years 1975–88. They find that the time between a player's assignment to one league and...