Highly formalized models of union behaviour have been developed and are widely used within neo-classical economics. This approach is justified by the argument that most goals pursued by unions can be reduced to a wage (or wage-equivalent) - employment trade-off. However, the strong assumptions...

Over the last decade a large decline in union membership and influence has been observed in many countries. This observation has prompted many researchers to consider the means by which individual unions are able to mitigate the effects of less favourable economic and political conditions on...