A low-income country such as Haiti that confronts an environment of diminishing aidinflows must assess tradeoffs among the available policy options: spending cuts,monetization, sales of debt, or use of foreign reserves. To provide the analytical tools forthis task, the paper draws from a set of...

The provision of foreign exchange liquidity by emerging market central banks during the global shock of 2008-09 departs from the domestic liquidity lender of last resort role described by Bagehot in his classic "Lombard Street." This paper documents and analyzes the foreign exchange liquidity...