This article provides a closed-form valuation formula for the Black-Scholes options subject to interest rate risk and credit risk. Not only does our model allow for the possible default of the option issuer prior to the option's maturity, but also considers the correlations among the option...

In reinforcement learning, an agent interacts with its environment to act according to a policy in accordance with the observation state; these are executed based on a class of neural networks. In the interaction between states and actions, the series of decision sequences are often described...