When the outstanding balance exceeds the housing value before the loan is settled, the insurer suffers an exposure to crossover risk induced by three risk factors: interest rates, house prices and mortality rates. With consideration of housing price risk, interest rate risk and longevity risk,...

This paper proposes four methods by which to sample option prices using proxies for liquidity--1-, 2-, 3-, 7-, and 8-day rollover rules--for option trades in order to construct volatility index series. Based on the sampling method using the average of all midpoints of bid and ask quote option...

To deal with multi-country longevity risk, this article investigates the long-run equilibrium of mortality rates and introduces mortality correlations across countries as a means for pricing a multi-country longevity bond. The examination of the long-run equilibrium of the mortality rate relies...

To offer a means for insurance companies to deal with longevity risk, this article investigates a natural hedging strategy and attempts to find an optimal allocation of insurance products. Unlike prior research, this proposed natural hedging model can account for both the variance and mispricing...