The influence of ungulates on the growth of young trees is amply discussed in forestry literature, particularly game browsing. Although there are a few appraisal methods that consider negative long-term influences on forest regeneration, hitherto no approach has addressed the financial...

Several parametric and non-parametric approaches have been developed to value financial assets. Yet, financial valuation techniques have only slowly percolated into disciplines concerned with the management of ecosystems. Particularly in forest management, decision-makers often find themselves...

Analyses were carried out on financial compensation to avoid loss of tropical forests and related carbon (C) emissions when marginal financial yield declined for land-use options with extended areas, and when a risk-averting perspective (modeled according to financial theory around the capital...