This paper surveys the empirical evidence on causal effects of education on earnings for Germany and compares alternative studies in the light of their underlying identifying assumptions. We work out the different assumptions taken by various studies, which lead to rather different...

In this paper, human capital investments are evaluated by assuming heterogeneous returns to education. We use the potential outcome approach to measure the causal effect of human capital investments on earnings as a continuous treatment effect. Empirical evidence is based on a sample of West...

In this paper, the efficiency of human capital investments is evaluated in the light of inadequate educational careers and skill obsolescence. Assuming heterogeneous returns to schooling and overeducation we use the potential outcome approach to measure the causal effect of human capital...