Background: Prior studies have revealed a disclosure problem in financial statements, primarily in narrative reports. Three main problem areas have been identified: insufficient relevant information, too much irrelevant information, and low-level communication. Micro and small entities face the...

This study investigates the relationship between the tone of financial disclosures and managers' earnings management behavior using Form 20-F filings of Chinese firms listed in the U.S. during 2002-2014. The results show that the proportion of positive, uncertain, or modal words used in...