paper, we study a model in which a certifier is paid by sellers, and may offer them inflated certificates, but incurs costs … costs of offering the first inflated certificate are lower than the sellers' willingness-to-pay for it. However, in … the costs of offering inflated certificates. Yet, the certifier may oppose an increase in the costs of offering inflated …

the latter context, we establish the fundamental inverse relationship between the costs of interaction with government … officials and industry size. -- institutional norms ; bureaucracy costs ; norm viability ; industry size …