We used a French employer-employee representative survey to estimate, within private firms covered by union contracts, the union member wage premium. Our estimates are based on several methods: ordinary least squares with averaged individual characteristics at the workplace level, the propensity...

We used a French employer–employee representative survey to estimate, within private firms covered by union contracts, the union member wage premium. Our estimates are based on several methods: ordinary least squares with averaged individual characteristics at the workplace level, the...

The European Employment Strategy (EES) is the employment policy of the European Union. According to its 2000 orientations, the EES was to promote 'more and better jobs'. In fact, the EES has not lived up to this promise. First, the EES has not been able to put the quality of jobs firmly on its...