There has been a general outcry globally to ensure sustainable environmental practices by minimizing CO2 while increasing economic growth. In general, most African countries have had the lowest energy efficiency levels over the past decades. This is because of higher inefficiency due to...

Background: In a typical multiechelon supply chain, the supplier makes semifinished items, from which the manufacturer produces finished products to eventually get sold at retailers. However, the majority of existing supply chain models consider the remanufacturing of defective products by...