We apply recent panel methodology to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption and real GDP for a set of 12 European Union countries using annual data for the period 1970-2004. Recently developed tests for panel unit roots, cointegration in heterogeneous panels and panel...

The concurrent growth of emerging countries stock market and their economies in the last two decades raises question regarding the fundamental linkage between stock price and key macroeconomic variables. This paper makes an attempt to examine the short-run and long-run relationship between stock...

In a globalizing world, economic growth of the countries is deeply affected by international economic relationships. Therefore, openness has become the one of the most important factor affecting economic growth of the nations. On the other hand, it is very important to determine the optimal time...