We show that investing social security in the equity market makes no difference under three assumptions: (1) the transition generation is compensated by public borrowing, (2) the benefit rule is unchanged, and (3) individuals’ portfolio choices are unconstrained. We also show that when these...

This paper explores the effect of letting individuals choose their retirement age in a world of uncertainty where there exist both defined benefit (DB) and de?ned contribution (DC) pension plans. The paper shows that giving individuals the flexibility to determine when to retire is an important...