The standard put-call parity result does not include equalities based on buy-and-hold strategies for options on the minimum or maximum of two risky assets and for quantity-adjusting options. This article generalizes put-call parity to these contracts. International put-call parity relations and...

Quantity-adjusting option and forward contracts deliver a payoff on a variable quantity of underlying. This article explains the use, pricing, and hedging of such contracts. The pricing of product options is also derived. Product options include quantity-adjusting options as a special case and...

Connectivity is a measure of the number of connections in a network. It is applied here to financial network shutdown due to inter-institutional default. Since 1797 when Sir Francis Baring introduced the concept of ``lender of last resort" concepts such as "too-big-to fail",...