Many research and monitoring activities rely on data from permanent plots, and the validity of results depends upon the quality and quantity of these data. Resources limit the number of such plots that can be established, so it is essential that all plots satisfy as many needs as possible. This...

Set-off relates to the situation where a main contractor raises a counterclaim against a subcontractor's claim or where an employer raises a counterclaim against the main contractor. The alternative terms cross claim, counterclaim, contra charge, compensation and retention are explained in the...

This paper reports the outcome of an investigation into the construction costs in 11 motorway projects. The projects formed one length of road and were of identical specification; five of the projects were undertaken by a traditional design, tender, construct method, and five were undertaken by...

There exists considerable evidence from educational measurement theorists that constructed-response questions add little new information about student achievement beyond that provided by multiple- choice questions. The purpose of this paper is to view this issue through the eyes of an economist,...

International strategic agricultural trade policy interdependence is modelled using a game theoretical framework. The model distinguishes between the European Community, the United States and a politically passive rest-of-the-world. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of the exchange...