In the context of liberalisation of electricity markets world wide, the need for agreed protocols for electricity trades between systems with different charges poses a special challenge. System operators need to know how much a given trade uses the network, in order to allocate an appropriate...

This paper reviews the trends in society, technology and energy demand of the past 30 years, together with the growth of the 'on-demand' culture. The '24/7' or 'always on' society can be defined as one where people demand--and generally receive--what they want 'now'. It has grown up in parallel...

Independent central bankers and judges can both be more usefully viewed as examples of trustees than as agents. A trust is alegal insitution with rules set up by a settlor, administered by a trustee on behlaf of beneficiaries. Public trustees often are motivated more by Pride, Policy, Place and...