The paper reviews the economic risks associated with regimes of high public debt through DSGE model simulations. The large public debt build-up following the 2009 global financial and economic crisis acted as a shock absorber for output, while in the recent and more severe COVID19-crisis, an...

Examining the economies of the European Union from 2000 to 2023, we have found no strong evidence that the inflation rate has a negative impact on economic growth. In contrast, in line with conventional economic theory, higher interest rates are associated with lower economic growth. The results...

This study empirically examines the impact of real interest rate on income inequality in India within a Kuznets Curve framework considering the role of economic growth, trade openness and technological innovation as the control variables. This study employs the ARDL bounds test for validating...

Out of the two types of monetary policy interventions – along with passive ones – active interventions are bettter used in order to increase the performances of a real economy. This was the main field of focus for the swedish economist Knut Wicksell. The aim of this paper is to present a...

Out of all the ideas and assumptions regarding the money and monetary theory, the classical liberalism was the first major paradigm that contributed to the development of the quantity theory of money. This paper aims to express the first steps made by the Classical School economists in...

The use of leading indicators to predict turning points in key ouput economic indicators is well-known. Recent work has shown that momentum indicators are an improvement on standard indicators. This paper analyses the likely performance of the momentum of the gap between long- and short-term...

The evolution of macroeconomic theory and monetary policy has brought us to a state that calls for critical reflection. It is undoubtedly true that no newcomer to the field can even begin to understand the current state of macroeconomics and policy formulation without understanding just how,...

This paper corrects the implementation of Median Unbiased Estimation (MUE) in Stage 2 of Holston, Laubach and Williams’ (2017) framework to estimate the natural rate of interest and provides corresponding corrected estimates. The correction is quantitatively important. It yields substantially...

We modify the Laubach-Williams and Holston-Laubach-Williams models of the natural rate of interest to account for time-varying volatility and a persistent COVID supply shock during the pandemic. Resulting estimates of the natural rate of interest in the United States, Canada, and the Euro Area...

This paper presents a stock-flow-consistent model in which growth is led by exports and government expenditure. It considers domestic and external debt dynamics and gross capital flows. Countries may choose to not fully use their external space to accumulate international reserves. The model is...