In our sample of 1,937 US mergers (1995 to 2011), 8.4 percent of all targets received oers with negative premiums where the initial bid undercuts the pre-announcement market price. We theoretically show that target overvaluation, market liquidity and `hidden earnouts', where target shareholders...

Although many studies acknowledge negative premiums, there exists no theoretical or dedicated empirical analysis of the phenomenon. In our sample of 1,937 US mergers (1995 to 2011), 8.4 percent of all targets received offers with negative premiums where the initial bid undercuts the...

Recent empirical studies on stock misvaluation as a possible determinant of mergers are inconclusive concerning the central hypothesis that over (under) valuation is negatively (positively) associated with merger announcement returns in stock mergers, but not in cash mergers. We provide...

Based on a sample of UK manufacturing SMEs in the engineering and electronics industry, the study identifies firm and industry-specific factors that stimulate R&D outsourcing and assesses the impact of R&D investment and outsourcing on profitability. The findings indicate that (1) R&D investment...