The incredibly low levels of learning and the generally dysfunctional public sector schooling systems in many (though … persistent failure of schooling systems to produce adequate learning outcomes. One is the mismatch between system design - the … economics' from principal agent models and contract theory. In particular, many education systems attempt to manage teaching and …

, economic, and ecological systems, preventing the access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice …, preventing the development of capabilities, and causing extreme poverty. Causal complexes tie the marginalized poor in systems … complexes can, for instance, comprise different types of livelihood systems or different types of poverty traps. They include …